Poyerekeza ndi zakudya za nyama, mitundu ya masamba ndi zipatso zamitundumitundu ingakhale yokongola ndi yokongola. Mtundu wobiriwira wa broccoli, mtundu wofiirira wa biringanya, mtundu wachikasu wa kaloti, ndi mtundu wofiira wa tsabola - chifukwa chiyani masambawa amasiyana? Kodi mitunduyi imapanga chiyani?

Ma phytochromes ndi ophatikiza mitundu iwiri ya mamolekyu a pigment: ma cytosolic pigments osasungunuka m'madzi ndi ma lipid-soluble chloroplast pigments. Zitsanzo zakale zikuphatikizapo anthocyanins, flavonoids omwe amapereka mtundu wa maluwa; potsirizira pake, carotenoids, luteins ndi chlorophyll ndizofala. Inki yosungunuka m'madzi imasungunuka mu Mowa komanso m'madzi okhazikika koma osasungunuka muzinthu zina monga etha ndi chloroform. Mafuta osungunuka inki ndi ovuta kusungunuka mu methanol, koma mosavuta sungunuka mu apamwamba woipa wa Mowa ndi zina zosungunulira organic. Mukakumana ndi lead acetate reagent, ma pigment osungunuka m'madzi amatsika ndipo amatha kudsorbed ndi activated carbon; mitundu idzasinthanso malinga ndi pH.

1.Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll imapezeka kwambiri m'masamba, zipatso ndi algae za zomera zapamwamba, ndipo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la ma chloroplasts a zomera, omwe amapezeka pamodzi ndi mapuloteni a zamoyo.

Chlorophyll ndi magazi zimandilimbikitsa, amalimbikitsa hematopoiesis, imayendetsa maselo, antibacterial ndi odana ndi kutupa zotsatira, etc. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi apeza kuti chlorophyll ndi zotsatira zoletsa kupanga ai maselo.

Zakudya zomwe zili ndi chlorophyll zikuphatikizapo: kale, nyemba, letesi, sipinachi, broccoli, letesi, ndi zina zotero.

Chlorophyll imalamulira mtundu wobiriwira, gulu lodziwika bwino la mitundu yomwe imapezeka pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya zomera. Ena angadabwe, nanga bwanji kaloti? Nanga bwanji zosakaniza izi zomwe maonekedwe ake ndi mtundu wake sizikugwirizana ndi zobiriwira? Ndipotu, kaloti amakhalanso ndi chlorophyll, yomwe si yotsika, koma "yobiriwira" imakutidwa ndi "chikasu ndi lalanje".

2.Carotenoid

Carotenoids ndi liwu lodziwika bwino la ma isomers osiyanasiyana a carotenoids ndi zotuluka zake zomwe zimapezeka muzomera. Ndi gulu la zinthu zamitundu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'chilengedwe, ndipo zidapezeka koyamba mu kaloti, motero amatchedwa carotenoids.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kudya kwambiri kwa carotenoids yaumunthu kungathe kuchepetsa matenda a prostate okhudzana ndi zaka komanso kuwonongeka kwa retinal macular macular. Chifukwa chake, ma carotenoids achilengedwe avomerezedwa ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chakudya chotsutsana ndi ma radiation. Ma carotenoid osiyanasiyana ali ndi mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, ma carotenoid oposa 600 anali atapezeka.

Zakudya zomwe zili ndi carotenoids: kaloti, dzungu, tomato, citrus, chimanga, etc.

3. Flavonoid

Flavonoid pigments, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti anthocyanins, ndi inki yosungunuka m'madzi. Kuchokera ku mankhwala, ndi madzi osungunuka a phenolic. Imapezeka kwambiri muzomera, kuphatikiza zotuluka zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mitundu yambiri yamitundu yapezeka. Flavonoids sapezeka kawirikawiri m'chilengedwe ngati ma monomers. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya flavonoids ilipo muzomera za mabanja osiyanasiyana, madongosolo, mtundu, ndi mitundu; mu ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za zomera monga khungwa, muzu, ndi maluwa, pali flavonoids osiyana. Pafupifupi mitundu 400 yapezedwa mpaka pano, yomwe ilibe mtundu, yachikasu kapena yowala kwambiri, ndipo mtundu wawo umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH.

Monga mtundu wazakudya zachilengedwe, anthoxanthin ndi yotetezeka, yopanda poizoni, imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri, ndipo imakhala ndi zakudya zina komanso zamankhwala. Ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito zakudya, zodzoladzola, ndi mankhwala.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, zotsatira zambiri zafukufuku kunyumba ndi kunja zasonyeza kuti flavonoids ali ndi anti-oxidation, kuchotsa ma free radicals, anti-lipid peroxidation ntchito, kupewa matenda a mtima, antibacterial, antiviral, ndi antiallergic effect. Masamba, zipatso ndi mbewu muzomera zili ndi ma flavonoid pigments.

Zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi ma flavonoid pigments: tsabola wokoma, udzu winawake, anyezi wofiira, tiyi wobiriwira, zipatso za citrus, mphesa, buckwheat, etc.

4.Anthocyanin

Anthocyanins: Chifukwa cha "anti-oxidant" yofunika kwambiri, anthocyanins amadziwika bwino ndipo amati ndi "gimmick" ndi makampani ambiri. Mitundu yopitilira 300 ya anthocyanins yadziwika, kuphatikiza buluu, wofiirira, wofiira ndi lalanje. Mitundu imeneyi imasungunuka m'madzi. Anthocyanins amatha kuwonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ngati pH ikusintha. Muyenera kukhala ndi zomwezo pophika kabichi (yofiira) m'madzi.

Makhalidwe a mankhwala a anthocyanins ndi osakhazikika, ndipo mtunduwo udzasintha kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa pH, yomwe imakhala yofiira pansi pa 7, yofiirira pa 8.5, violet-buluu pa 11, ndi yachikasu, lalanje kapena yofiirira kuposa 11. Oxygen , kutentha kapena kutentha kwambiri kumatha kusintha zakudya zomwe zili ndi anthocyanin wambiri kukhala bulauni. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwamtundu komwe kumachitika chifukwa chokhudzana ndi chitsulo kuyenera kupewedwa momwe tingathere pokonza.

Proanthocyanidins amatha kuwononga ma radicals aulere m'thupi, amakhala ndi antioxidant wamphamvu, ndipo amatha kuwongolera chitetezo chamthupi komanso kuchita nawo ntchito yolimbana ndi khansa.

Zakudya zomwe zili ndi anthocyanins: mbatata yofiirira, mpunga wakuda, chimanga chofiirira, kale, biringanya, perilla, kaloti, beets, etc.

Ndi anthu kulimbikitsa zachilengedwe, kufunafuna thanzi ndi chitetezo choyamba zofunika m'maganizo, komanso kulowa China mu WTO akukumana ndi zosowa zachuma padziko lonse, chitukuko cha inki edible zachilengedwe mofulumira, malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuyambira 1971 mpaka 1981 dziko. lofalitsidwa 126 patents kwa mtundu chakudya, amene 87.5% ndi edible inkitu zachilengedwe.

Ndi chitukuko cha anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yachilengedwe kwayamba kutchuka pang'onopang'ono m'mafakitale azakudya ndi zodzikongoletsera, ndipo njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utoto wachilengedwe ukhale gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukongoletsa moyo.

Cholinga chathu chabizinesi ndi "Pangani Dziko Lapansi Kukhala Losangalala Ndiponso Lathanzi”.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zamasamba, mutha kulumikizana nafe nthawi ya nyerere!!

Zowonjezera: https://www.zhihu.com/